Caving derived from the word "cave" means cave. According to Mr. Clurg, cave is a natural space in the earth which usually consists of the rooms and hallways, or pitting. Caving is a cave searches.
The term is defined in terms of a sporting nature which is one branch of the nature lovers of the complex, because the search must be familiar with techniques of cave hiking, rock climbing, dive, paddle, and so forth.
Who's the science of learning about the cave is called "Speleology", which comes from the Greek, 'spelelion' which means cave and 'logos' which means knowledge. Speleology in general can be interpreted as a science that studies the cave and its surroundings. However, not only to learn the physical state, but also its potential in addition to other scientific terms, including: terms of cave shape, mining, environmental governance, cave geology, flora, and fauna.
Medium term to search the cave which focuses on aspects of sports and adventure called "make photoler".
According to Norman Edwin, "is a satisfaction to someone searching the cave, when he carried the lamp is the first ray that revealed a stunning beauty of the cave at once."
B. History
Started in Europe, since 200 years ago. According to records, started by:
1. John Beamont, a surgeon from Somerset, England (1674), amateur geologist and mining expert, noted the first person to trace pitting (patholing) as deep as 20 m with the use of candles and find a room with a length of 80 m, width 3 m and 10 m ceiling height .
2. Marellies Louis (July 15, 1780), carrying the first person down the cave are cave vertival Fairies in the Languedoc.
3. Edward Alfrad Martel (June 27, 1888), a surgeon from Paris law, following in the footsteps Marellies. However, by using the complete equipment, such as pulleys, hanging ladder, and a new canvas boats introduced by the Americans at that time and the telephone as a communication tool, so that the business is recorded and referred to as the "father of modern Speleology." Already a cave that is mapped (1888-1913) for scientific purposes and merkem kedalalaman cave.
When World War II finished, the search activities undertaken by several prominent cave, namely:
1. Robert de Jolly, a father of a reformer in the cave search tools, such as hanging from the aluminum ladder, the more perfect canvas boats. His invention is more standard for the search of cave until 50 years later.
2. Casteret Norman (1922), the pioneer in the field of caving diving. This business was doing when I first go into the hallways full of water in the cave montespan, without the aid of any equipment. Authorship-composed, among others, "My Cave" and "Ren Years Underground", then made the handbook fans caving, diving and expert Speleology. Most of the caver started its activities as a climber, because it is an activity carried out almost similar. The climber also provide inspiration for the progress of the cave searches. Frene Alpine Club, an association of Europe's top mountaineers on an expedition has been underground, and for the first time using a rope ladder to replace hanging. This group also set a record for the reduction of vertical caves as deep as 608 m.
3. Stephen Bishop, the most deserving tourist guide, a slave diamond Gorin franklin employed by a lawyer who bought the land around the cave mammounth U.S. Kentucky cave in 1938 and is now accepted that UNICEF as a world heritage.
4. Louis Mersanders, french, start searching caves in 1970 and successfully reached a depth of ± 40 m in the cave Falties, Languedoc, France, using ropes and torches.
5. Eduard Alfrad Martel in 1988 to conduct research with a more adequate equipment, that is using a ladder and hanging the phone as a communication tool. And he was known as the "father of modern Speleology."
Cave quid high value sports and adventures known in Indonesia in the 1980s by pioneer Dr. R. K. T Ko (Dr. Ko). But the cave has been no quid publication in 1976 that was published in magazines and daily Kompas essence what. Dr. Ko.
C. The types of Cave
According to the regions and formation processes, the types and kinds of caves that a lot, whereas if viewed from the cave formation process there are five types, namely:
1. Wind Cave or Horizontal
2. Sea Cave
3. Lava Cave
4. Ice Cave
5. Lime or Limeston Cave / Karst
D. Cave structure
Cave structure is divided into three, namely:
1. Horizontal
2. Vertical
3. Combination
E. The existence of Watershed
1. Vudose Cave, cave in which the stream flows underground.
2. Prêthit caves, dry caves where there are no underground currents.
F. Ornament in Cave
Ornament is a decorative shaped rocks, formed by water erosion in the cave. Ornament, ornament is in the cave, among others:
1. Stalactite, spearhead-shaped elongated and tapering down and attached to the roof of the cave.
2. Stalagmite, formed a direct result of the process occurs stalactites. While meetings between stalactite and stalakmite called colomen.
3. Flow stone. Mound shaped like half a ball.
4. Godian / draperies. Shaped like a curtain attached to the walls of caves.
5. Gourdam, shaped like a small pond and piling concatenated together to form a network of regional exactly the paddy fields.
6. Helektite, stalactite-shaped branched parallel to the roof of the cave, sometimes not even the additional downward but toward the roof so as to fight against gravity (gravity).
7. Aragonite, the crystals formed from the CaCO3 (limestone dominant), this is rarely encountered.
8. Pearls, a growing collection of calcite stone in the pond below the water droplets. Pearls called because shaped like pearls.
9. Gours, Collection of calcite formed within the flow of water or soil slope. This flow contains CO2. the CO2 evaporates, the more calcite formed.
G. Life in the Cave
According to the level of adaptability, Jefferson, Speleology (1979) in his research to classify the organisms that exist in the cave.
1. Troglophyle, is an organisms that love the darkness, looking for food outside the goad and has not appeared extreme modifications to parts of the body. Relatives / herself can be found also in areas outside the cave at almost the same conditions. Examples of bats, birds wallet, and several types of shrimp.
2. Trologxene, organisms that only happened to be in a cave, in fact, strange beast in the cave environment. Usually, there is at the mouth of the cave. These organisms are divided into:
a. Trologxene accidental, by chance, and organisms that are generally not long lived in a cave. Example: snake.
b. Hubutual trologxene, organisms that regularly visit the cave as one of the parts of their life cycle. Example: owls, raccoons, etc..
3. Trilobite, is an organism whose entire life cycle is spent in the cave, so it has different properties with other animals. These factors cause the decline and also simplification of the visual system (blindness) and pugmentasi. Example: fish, rodents, insects. While all creatures who spend most of his entire life in a cave-called tlologlodyta.
H. Cave Depth
Based on light intensity, morphology and depth of the cave is divided into four zones, namely:
1. Light Zone, Region mouth of the cave. Light is still light and temperature fluctuation can still be felt.
2. Twilight Zone, Area in a cave, plants can still grow. Still like the early evening light (dim) and the temperature fluctuates.
3. Dark zone with a temperature change / transition. Dark regions are characterized by temperature and humidity always changes with the changing weather outside the cave, the temperature fluctuates.
4. Dark zone with constant temperature / eternal. Areas farthest from the mouths of caves, the temperature and humidity fixed (constant).
I. Devices / equipment Caver
According to David Judson "adequate protective clothing, lighting system which is durable and reliable." According to Dr. R.K.T. Ko, "a tool that was taken should be sufficisnt and understand very well how to use", bringing its reserves plus three light sources.
• Personals
a. Horizontal Cave
1. Clothing, commonly referred to cover all, thick and easy to dry (wet snit).
2. Shoes, usually using boots, rubber and leather / canvas. Cave muddy and watery to use canvas shoes, boots while climbing use because remember bending power of the material.
3. Helmets and lights (head lamp), serves as the chisf protector of the possible knock or crushed rock. Usually equipped with a lamp. There are two kinds of head lamp, is carbide and battray. To head lamp battray usually used in a watery cave fisld.
4. Buoy, useful to avoid the danger of drowning or washed up. There are two types of buoys, which is incorporated under the foam (rigid) system and incorporated with an inflatable rubber. At the buoy is equipped with a whistle as a means of communication, especially in the rock cave that has a fragile and prone to collapse if there was a loud echo.
5. Webbing, made from nylon material. There are two types of webbing, namely turbular and non turbular, turbular more. Can be used as etrisr, harness, an anchor and a tool of crossing the river in order not to drown or carrisd away.
6. Reserves, battray form and carbide.
b. Vertical Cave
Equipment on a horizontal cave is still used, plus the equipment:
1. Harness. Used during the ascending (rising) and discending (down). Harness should not be released if it is not sure the fisld to be traversed completely secure. There are two types of harness, namely; seat harness (as the support of body weight) and chert chest harness used on search.
2. Descender. Tool down. There are some types of descender; autostop, auto descender (using prusik) and hand ascender (using jumar, etc.). At hand ascender there are several types according to their use, namely; hand ascender (jumar) and chest ascender (Croll).
3. Foot loops. Also called treadle. Used while riding. Its use is linked to the ascender. Usually using webbing slings.
4. Carabiner and and millons. General, using a carabiner locked caver (screw gate carabiner). Frequently used type oval. Millons used as a locking seat harness.
5. Cows tails. Used as a safety when passing a connection string or at anchor. Also used as an auxiliary tool in bringing the goods. Generally used only brisfly. Carabiner dugunakan snap gate more often, and the ends knotted and tisd to eight seat harness carabiner.
• Team
1. Rope / cord. The rope used on the fringe of cave must meet the requirements, namely: strong, have a resistance against rubbing, small bending power. The rope is usually called a static mantle Karn. 9.5 mm to 11mm in diameter.
2. Webbing / sling. Used for additional anchor and etrisr (ladder hanging).
3. Carabiner. Used as a tool for sending and rescue.
4. Pullay, used as a tool for delivery of goods and rescue.
5. Raft. Used to trace the underground cave.
J. Caving dangers
1. Flooded
2. Running out of / lack of oxygen
3. Gas poisoning, such as bat droppings, etc.
4. Subjective danger, danger arising from the cave searches.
5. Disturbance of animals
K. Search Benefits Cave
1. Scisnce, including archeology, biology, geology (the scisnce that explores how the shape and the occurrence of the earth), Mineralogy, Meteorology, anthropology, folklore, akonomi, Cave tourism, cartography, photography and cinematography cave.
2. For nature lovers, train the skill, discipline, fortitude and cooperation.
3. Establishing an ethical insane conservation in an effort to realize that the caves should be preserved and protected, especially those containing natural and highly beneficial for a livelihood.
4. As an awareness that the organisms in them rare and need to be protected.
5. Areas of skills, ranging from hill walking, mountain climbing, rock climbing, swimming, diving ORAD until we learn to be able to track it down.
L. Vandalism
Cave vandalism is damage caused by deliberate human action. Or not based on aesthetics, ecosystems, physical and biotic cave, things which cause deterioration in macro and micro scale of the cave as a scarce natural resource. Some vandalism of cave;
1. Downloads bird's nest. Object; bird wallet. Will appear as a nest of insects or pests move.
2. Phosphate diggers. Object; floor phosphorus content. Will damage the stability of an aesthetic Caved, endangering caver, and create pollution, karst water resources.
3. Digger mineral calcite. Object; calcite formations. Vandalis advent of cave formations to take a souvenir will be able to eliminate the beauty of the cave
4. Hunter bats. Object; bat pollinators of flowers or insects. Will impact on the move or the extinction of bats
5. Dispenda party / government. Object; interior or exterior design by Overkill. The destruction of aesthetic value by building man-made, would lead to sediment pollution and water resources, piqued cave biota, the authenticity of the environment disappears.
6. Caver. Object; decorations and biota and sediment. Doodles, making speleonthem, discoloration Cave, will disturb the existing ecology.
To reduce to a minimum of cave vandalism, namely:
1. Do not leave trash
2. Not leaving the carbide former in Cave
3. No damage Ornament
4. Do not leave mud on the floor calcite
5. And all that can disrupt the ecosystem and destroy the beauty and sustainability
M. Search Techniques
The fisld at the horizontal caves vary greatly, there is an easy-up should require special techniques in order to pass it.
1. Mud, muddy alley did not differ with thick thick, will be easisr path. The easisst way to be able to go through and save energy is to swim position.
2. Water, to be able to swim through the watery tunnel. But the technique in a column with pool, fully dressed, shoes and even possibly bring a heavy burden.
3. Climbing, use it when found the water fall or alleys located on top of us. While free climbing done when fisld conditions:
a. Water flow is heavy and does not know the depth
b. Cave gap and narrow-shaped bottom
c. Large river or lake in
d. Installation of rigging on the water fall
e. Bypassing calcite or fall oolith
N. Mapping
1. Definition
• A description of cave-dimensional projection on a scale smaller than a three-dimensional fisld which has certain limits
• A description of the projection with a smaller scale from a cave
2. Benefit
• Represents the most authentic evidence
• Assist in the fisld of biospeleologi, hydrology, or related scisnces with Speleology
• To find a correlation with the surrounding caves
• Ease in Rescue
• facilitate to determine the expansion and development planning in tourism
O. Mapping Tools
1. Compass
2. Clinometer, a tool to determine the slope of a fisld on a horizontal axis within a degree.
3. Topofil, a type with a tape measure, but this is based on a rotating wheel.
4. Tape measure. Ribbon made of linen or thin steel plate.
5. Stationery
P. Level Mapping
There are levels and additional. Based on the measurement accuracy depends on mapping techniques, equipment used, the balance sheet date skills and experisnce.
1. Grade 1, rough sketches without the correct scale and created outside the cave with the maker of basic memory hallways drawn
2. Grade 2, sketches made in the cave without a large scale and without any measuring tools, only on the basis of estimates.
3. Grade 3, sketches made in the cave with the help of a compass and measuring tape fiber glass.
4. Grade 4, the measurement with a comp [as prismatic, clinometer and topofil / tape measure.
5. Grade 5, measured with a prismatic compass, clinometer, tape measure metallic / glass fiber and with a tolerance of error is smaller than 5cm and less than 1 º
6. Grade 6, same as grade 5, but a compass and clinometer placed on tripot, so do not moving at the time of measurement.
7. Grade x (special). Using Theodolite equipment and metallic tape measure. In addition to creating the level of accuracy (grade) BCRA cave map also make a detailed survey, namely:
1. Class A: All the details are made outside the cave
2. Class B: Detail of the corridor are estimated and recorded in the cave
3. Class C: Details of measuring only the survey stations
4. Class D: Details are measured at the survey stations and between stations
Q. Map Making Speleology
• Data collection
This is done in a cave, usually conducted by 3-4 people, especially when the cave was narrow and there is no cohesion within the team. However, ideally four people where:
1. The first person as a leader. His job holding the tip of the meter. Leader must be able to determine the measurement station. Station determines the distance is ± 50 m or as far as our eyes see, this is done depends on the condition of the cave.
2. The second person as a proxy. Perform their dutiss both compass and clinometer measurements and also measured the distance from the station.
3. Third person as a recorder of the measurement. His job is to record the results of measurements carrisd out by people both at the same time drawing a cross section of the station points are measured.
4. A fourth person as an observer. His job was to make observations on the condition that there is Caved an ornament.
To generate the data will produce a good map, then demanded solidarity among the other data collectors. Also comparable skills, in which all team members must know the ins and outs of making the map Speleology.
• Calculated data
After the data is filled, the data need to be included so that from this calculation is used to draw a cave passage.
After calculating the data table there, transferred to graph paper (mm) and the point is connected, then become a map of the cave.
R. Mooring system
Moorings to be installed in the down or up the cave must be taken into account the safety factor.
Based on the type, the anchor is divided into:
1. Natural Anchor, anchor of existing or available in nature.
a. Tree, first know the age of the tree, position or condition
b. Translucent holes, typically located on the wall / roof of the cave. First check the hardness of rock, the integrity and structure of these rocks.
c. Fracture, the calculation of the gap, the direction of narrowing the gap and the direction of pull to be received.
d. Chock stone, wedged assistance
e. Stalactite and stalagmite, usually used to anchor the deviation due to not getting a big load.
2. Custom Anchor
Installation of moorings with rock climbing. Used when there is no natural anchor
Based on the position and sequence of loading, the anchor is divided into:
3. Main anchor / main mooring
Location / position in the front as the main force in the mooring rope and to avoid friction with the rock.
4. Back up an anchor / mooring support
His position is not too important, to take account of fall factor, is snap load / fall received while playing a back-up anchor, or broken apart.
Installation of mooring systems in caving is tensionless anchor systems, is systems that use multiple anchor mooring point as a hook, so the emphasis on the mooring rope of the anchor points are divided evenly on the existing
S. Search Ethics
In order to caver the dangers, could prevent the occurrence of disasters, aware of the obligations, especially in protecting the environment in the cave. Then there are ethical and liability cave searches.
1. Ethics
a. Aware that caver could damage, because it carriss bacteria, fungi and viruses in a cave that is alisn to its surroundings are still pure and not contaminated
b. Do not take or move something in a cave without a clear Cavel that can be accounted
c. Ability of caver not need to display, on the contrary, the inability not have covered up in shame.
2. Ban
a. Do not take anything unless you take a picture
b. Do not leave anything except leave a trail
c. Do not kill anything except to kill time
3. Obligation
a. Every caver obligatory respect to the population around the cave, get written permission from the authoritiss
b. Shall notify the other is dangerous to the caver
c. Inform on colleagues or family nearby cave locations and is expected home anytime
d. Caver obliged to pay attention to weather conditions
e. In each incident, caver shall act without panic
f. Caver obliged to train yourself in a varisty of motor skills tracing Caved the skills required the use of tools
g. Caver must read various publications regarding the environment Caved
T. The Preservation and Utilization
Cave as an arena of tourism and development of scisnce as well as guard the homeland could cause dilemma if the karst areas are exploited as raw material for cement and other building materials, search the cave as a tourist activity, the study of flora and fauna to the interests of scisnce, exploitation of karst areas as raw materials cement or the location of excavated materials must go through assessment procedures of environmental information (PIL) and the EIA.
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